I thought the operation costs were too high, and those smaller units were more efficient and more available. Couldn't find anything when I looked for answers.
I should read the sh*t I post ...
you are exactly right about the cost differences favoring smaller units. the thing I missed is "what" changed the economics in locomotion?
something was making "distributed power" .. something they
could have been doing for years before 1970 .. a more economical proposition for a railroad.
sources:
Locotrol - Wikipedia,
Distributed power - Wikipedia
Locotrol is a product of GE Transportation that permits railway locomotives to be distributed throughout the length of a train (distributed power). It allows sending signals from the lead locomotive and via radio to the remote control locomotives.
Locotrol was developed in the 1960s by an Ohio telephone and electronics manufacturer, North Electric Company(subsequentlly acquired by GE) .
The system permits the doubling in the size of trains without exceeding "draw-gear" strength [the mechanical devices that physically linked locomotives to each other when pulling large/long loads] through the use of mid-train locomotives.
Distributed power itself was not a new concept, but [before Locotrol] it required an extra train crew(s) to be located in the middle of the train. Most systems use lead and middle of train locomotives, but now up to four locomotives can be controlled from the lead unit.
LSS - the oldest story of transformation known to humankind .. a cheaper way to do something will almost always win out.
After 1970 (right after UP bought 47 Centennials,
technology advancements (Locotrol, RF technology, computers, etc.,) now let
ONE locomotive operate multiple locomotives more easily and effectively than ever before.
You could then reduce locomotive size and number (and their operating crews)
AND make the trains heavier/longer yielding more revenue at the same time.
Plus the "draw gear' mechanisms could be made less costly
because they didn't need to be as strong (mechanically robust) to accommodate the heavier/longer trains
AND
. that, in turn, allowed less draft forces along the length of the train, which
THEN
. allowed less physical forces on the wheels to the rails making the heavier/longer train easier to pull, saving costs