Thanks for the information. I somewhat doubt that you've got an internal engine issue for the items mentioned. Considering that the pistons are about .100" BELOW the deck surface of the block at TDC, combined with the open chamber heads, IF anything fell through the carb throttle plates, not very many places for it "to lodge" in the cylinder(s).
For the progressive issues mentioned, I'd first check ALL vacuum hoses and their connections. Then what they attach to for vacuum leaks. Also, move the heat lever about 1/2 to the "H" side and if things improve (as there is a switch on the level to cut off the a/c compressor, even when the "OFF" button is pushed. If you move the level slowly, you can feel and hear a faint click.
When you rebuilt the carb, you probably used the supplied base gasket for the carb, which is probably "thick cardboard". When I put a new Holley 2210 carb (same as is on the '72s, but was OEM for the '70 model, the one I got), I used the base gasket which Holley provided. Every so often, it would degrade a slight bit or the hold-down nuts would loosen. End result, the idle would degrade a small bit and until I tightened the nuts again, in a cross-wise torque pattern. After about the third time and seeing that it was going to be a somewhat continual thing, I went to the local Chrysler dealer and ordered a thick insulator OEM base gasket. That stopped that deal!
There CAN be another known issue with the Holley 2210-faamily carbs, but it will not usually make the car run rougher, except possibly when the choke is "on". Does the choke plate move freely ALL the way through its travel or might there be a slight interference with the carb housing, enough to make a shiny spot where it gets close to the venture area of the carb top?
The small screw that is missing, where was it removed from? Just curious.
Our experience with the 383s I've had (the '66 Newport first, then my '70 Monaco 383) is that at about the mileage you now have, #7 exhaust valve started to "burn". There are two things you can diagnose that with. One is with a compression tester (the screw-in type will work better than the "hold-in-the-hole" version! Just worry about the comparison with other cylinders, NOT the particular numbers obtained. The other, more "shade tree" method is to start the engine, let it run at idle, then take a shop towel and loosely place it over the end of the tail pipe. The flow should be generally smooth, BUT if there is a negative pulse, it'll suck the towel into the pipe, as you hold it around the endge of the pips, firmly, for that moment when the negative pressure pulse (from the piston with with the burnt valve moveing downward in when the exhaust valve is closed. If there is some in-out action from the normal pressure pulses anyway, when that bigger negative pressure pulse happens, it'll suck the firmly-held rag MORE than at other times. Might have to look closely, but it's there.
You can also use a vacuum gauge for this too, BUT my experiences with vacuum gauges has not been too good, other than checking levels. A burnt valve will also cause loss of power and a variable rougher idle, as you're losing power from one cylinder.
Hopefully, most of your mentioned issue will be taken care of with the carb hold-down nuts!
Keep us posted,
CBODY67